Here’s an absolutely priceless #throwback picture from the sets of the iconic film #Masoon (1983)

 ♥️🎬 #Trending #Bollywood #OldIsGold #naseeruddinshah #shabanaazmi #jugalhansraj #urmilamatondkar #shekharkapur

इब्राहिमखान गारदी ( १७६१).

पाँडिचेरी येथे द ब्यूरी नावाचा एक कामगार होता. त्याच्या पालखीपुढे छडी घेऊन धावणारा एक लहानसा शिपाई म्हणून इब्राहिम खान काम करीत असे. त्यास थोडेफार पोर्तुगीज येत होते. लवकरच त्याने आपल्या कार्यकर्तृत्वावर फ्रेंच फौजेत अंमलदारी मिळवली. पुढे फ्रेंचांची नोकरी सोडून तो निरनिराळ्या दरबारांत आपली कर्तबगारी दाखवू लागला. हैदराबादच्या निजामाच्या सेवेतही तो होता.

फ्रेंचांच्या पलटणीतील अधिकारी बुसी याने हिंदुस्थानात प्रथम गारद्यांची पलटण तयार केली. इब्राहिमखानानेही प्रशिक्षण घेतले होते. तो या बुसीचा चेला होता. मराठ्यांकडे मुज्जफरखान हा तोफखाना चालविणारा एक उत्तम गारदी होता. परंतु, तो जितका हुशार,कल्पक, तितकाच बेइमानी आणि खुनशी होता. त्याच्या ह्या वृत्तीमुळे सदाशिवराव भाऊ आणि त्याचे पटत नसे. इब्राहिमखान हा वऱ्हाडात निजाम अलीकडे काही दिवस होता. पेशवा आणि निजाम यांच्यात डिसेंबर १७५७ साली सिंदखेडला झालेल्या लढाईत इब्राहिमखान निजामाकडून लढला. मराठ्यांनी निजामाचा पराभव केला. पुढे सलाबतजंगने बसालतजंगास आपला कारभारी म्हणून बदलून त्या जागी निजामअलीची नेमणूक केली. ही नेमणूक करताना निजाम अलीने इब्राहिमखानास नोकरीवरून काढावे, ही अट ठेवली. याचा फायदा घेऊन मराठ्यांनी इब्राहिमखानास नोकरीवर ठेवले. जून १७५८ नंतर हा मराठ्यांना येऊन मिळाला. उदगीरच्या लढाईत हा सदाशिवराव भाऊंच्या बरोबर होता. उदगीरनंतर सदाशिवराव भाऊंची पानिपतावर रवानगी झाली. तेव्हा इब्राहिमखान यांच्या इमानाविषयीचा उल्लेख भाऊसाहेबांच्या बखरीत सापडतो. एकनिष्ठतेची शपथ म्हणून सदाशिवराव भाऊंनी त्यास बेलभंडारा दिला, तर त्याने भाऊंना साजक रोटी (शपथेचा एक प्रकार) दिली. सदाशिवराव भाऊंच्याबरोबर दिल्लीस जाताना त्याच्या हाताखाली दहा हजार गारदी व शंभर तोफांचा तोफखाना होता.

इब्राहिमखान नावाची व्यक्ती म्हणजे अंगाखांद्याने धिप्पाड असावी, असे वाटू शकते; परंतु तो अंगाने अगदी किरकोळ होता. त्याचा वर्ण काळा होता, तर तोंड देवीच्या व्रणांनी खूपच विद्रूप झाले होते.

महाराष्ट्रातून अब्दालीच्या पारिपत्यासाठी उत्तरेत गेलेल्या मराठी सैन्याने दिल्लीचा किल्ला घेतला. तिथे बातमी कळली की, दत्तजी शिंदे यांचे मारेकरी हे येथून उत्तरेस पाऊणशे मैलांवर असलेल्या कुंजपुरा किल्ल्यात आहेत. कुंजपुराकडे भाऊसाहेब निघाले, तेव्हा बातमी लागली की, कुत्बशहा व शहामतखान हे कुंजपुराच्या किल्ल्यात असून त्यांना अब्दाली कुमक पाठवणार आहे. तेव्हा सदाशिवराव भाऊंनी इब्राहिमखानास तातडीने बोलावून घेतले. हा रातोरात मजल-दरमजल करत तेथे दाखल झाला. सदाशिवराव भाऊंनी हल्ला करण्यास ठरवलेल्या वेळेस तीन घटका अवकाश होता. अजून तीन घटका अवकाश आहे, तूर्त न उठावे असा निरोप भाऊंनी पाठवला. तेव्हा त्याने उत्तर पाठवले की, मुहूर्त कशास पाहिजे, आम्ही किल्ला फत्ते करतो आणि हुजूर येतो. त्याप्रमाणे त्याने हल्ला करून किल्ला सर केला. पुढे पानिपतावर महिना-दोन महिने जी काही चकमक झाली, त्यामध्ये इब्राहिमखानाने चांगलाच पराक्रम गाजवला.

अब्दाली पानिपतवर मराठ्यांच्या रस्त्यात आडवा आला, तेव्हा त्याची कोंडी फोडण्यासाठी युद्धाशिवाय दुसरा पर्याय उरला नव्हता. तेव्हा भाऊसाहेबांनी इब्राहिमखानास मसलतीस बोलवले. त्या वेळी त्याने सांगितले की, ‘तुमचे आमचे इमान प्रमाण झाले तेच करार आहे, आमचे गैर इमान असते तरी प्रत्यय दाखवतो, म्हणून त्याने दुराणी व नजीबखान रोहिला, सिराजदौला यांची २५ पत्रे दाखवली की, तुम्ही आम्ही एक जात आहो. यासमयी आमच्याकडे यावे म्हणजे तुम्हास पंचवीस लक्षाचा मुलूख देऊ. उमरावीही देऊ.ʼ ती पत्रे भाऊसाहेबांनी वाचून पाहिली, तेव्हा त्यांची त्याच्या प्रामाणिकपणाविषयी खातरी झाली.

पानिपतच्या युद्धप्रसंगी सदाशिवराव भाऊ व इब्राहिमखान यांच्यात झालेले महत्त्वपूर्ण संवाद भाऊसाहेबांच्या बखरीत दिले आहेत. भाऊसाहेब म्हणाले की, आमचा तुमच्यावर विश्वास आहे, परंतु येथून दिल्लीत पोहोचण्यासाठी काय करावे लागेल आणि ते कसे साध्य होईल? त्यावर त्याने उत्तर दिले की, गोल बांधून लढाई करावी आणि त्यामध्ये बुणगे स्त्रिया घालून भोवती मोठे मातब्बर सरदार ठेवून सर्वांना त्यांच्या बाजू वाटून द्याव्यात आणि दोन कोस लढत दिल्लीत पोचावे.

पानिपतच्या युद्धाच्या वेळी प्रत्येकाला आपल्या जागा योजून दिल्या होत्या. त्याप्रमाणे इब्राहिमखान तोफखाना घेऊन आघाडीस होता. त्याच्या उजवीकडे शिंदे आणि होळकर होते, तर डावीकडे पवार आणि गायकवाड हे सरदार होते. इब्राहिमखान पानिपतच्या आग्नेयेस तीन मैलांवर उग्रखेडीच्या पुढे निंबडीच्या दक्षिणेस आपल्या गारद्यांसह जाऊन उभा राहिला. ऐन युद्धात त्याच्या तोफांनी शत्रूपक्षाच्या रोहिल्यांची दयनीय अवस्था केली. शत्रूसेनेत भगदाड पडताच विठ्ठल शिवदेव व दमाजी गायकवाड हे सरदार पुढे सरसावले. तोफखाना पाठीशी राहिला. त्यामुळे पुढे गेलेली आपली माणसे मृत्युमुखी पडतील, या भीतीमुळे इब्राहिमखानाने तोफा डागणे बंद केले.

पानिपतावर अखेरीस गोलाच्या लढाईत इब्राहिमखानाने आपल्याकडून अत्यंत शिकस्त करूनही उपयोग झाला नाही. त्याच्या तोफखान्यावर सदाशिवराव भाऊंचा फार विश्वास होता. त्याने ८००० रोहिल्यांना कंठस्नान घातले, पण सैन्य एकत्रित नसल्याने कोणाचीच कोणाला मदत होत नव्हती. सैन्य समोर व तोफखाना मागे अशी स्थिती निर्माण झाल्यामुळे तोफखाना बंद पडला. पाच हजार गारदी कापले गेले. त्यामध्ये इब्राहिमखानाचा पुत्र व भाचा मारला गेला. स्वतः इब्राहिमखान जखमी अवस्थेत सापडला. तेव्हा अब्दालीने त्याला विचारले, तू मला का सामील झाला नाहीस? तेव्हा त्याने सांगितले की, सदाशिवराव भाऊंना दिलेले वचन सर्वांत महत्त्वाचे होते. ते सोडून त्यांचा दगा करणे माझ्या तत्त्वात बसणारे नव्हते. हे ऐकल्यावर अब्दालीने इब्राहिमखानास ठार करण्याचा हुकूम दिला आणि एका शूराचा अंत झाला.

पारधी समाजात अजूनही इब्राहिमखान व सुलेमानखान यांच्या विराण्या गायिल्या जातात.

पानिपतच्या तिसऱ्या लढाईतील मराठ्यांचा एक प्रमुख सरदार. या लढाईत त्याने गारद्यांच्या तुकडीचे नेतृत्व केले होते. तुकडीचे नेतृत्व असल्याने त्याने खान या नावाची पदवी धारण केली.

संदर्भ :

राजवाडे, विश्वनाथ काशिनाथ, मराठ्यांच्या इतिहासाची साधने : १७५० ते १७६१, वाई, १८९८.

शेजवलकर, त्र्यं. शं. पानिपत : १७६१, आवृ-९, पुणे, २०१८.

सरदेसाई, गोविंद सखाराम, रियासत : मध्य विभाग ३ : पानिपत प्रकरण, पुणे, १९२२.

हेरवाडकर, रघुनाथ विनायक, संपा., कृष्णाजी शामराव विरचित भाऊसाहेबांची बखर, पुणे, १९९०.

Articles of Incorporation

It is a legal document which has details about a new business — including the name and type of business.

Preparing this document is one of the first legal steps in launching a company.

The majority of states in India ask for just basic information regarding the company, while some may require more.

Finance certifications

As you would imagine, there are many finance-related certifications in the world.

Many of the global-level financial certifications are also valid in India.

Example: Financial Risk Manager Certification.

People with this certification are employed in roles where they manage risks relating to liquidity, credit, and markets.

Other examples: Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Certified Management Accountant (CMA), Chartered Financial Planner (CFP), etc.

Some of these certifications are fairly easy and can be cleared with a short period of preparation.

Many people actually take these exams simply to gain the knowledge that is required to clear these exams — with the only intention of handling their own finances better.

Hedge Funds

 

A hedge fund is a type of institutional investor (similar to mutual funds).

Hedge funds are of many different types. Each uses different strategies to invest and generate returns for their investors. 

Regular retail investors are not allowed to invest in them due to their high-risk nature. 

Hedge funds investments are most commonly made by rich individuals and other institutions like pension funds, banks, etc. 

MBA. Masters of Business Administration.

The MBA degree or certification has become one of the most sought-after degrees in finance.

Do note that many MBA programs have specializations like HR, marketing, finance, etc.

MBA can help students land many different kinds of jobs. These jobs may or may not be finance-related.

Having an MBA with a specialization in finance has become a common requirement for working in the finance and banking industries.

Portfolio managers are now required to have a degree in finance, law, accountancy, or business management.

When this rule was brought in, many portfolio managers enrolled for MBA courses to fulfill this requirement.

OPEC+

A group of the world's major oil producing countries. 

Includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Russia, etc. 

Together, these countries decide how much oil they are going to produce. This, in turn, determines the price of crude oil.

If there's a lot of oil, prices are likely to be lower, and any person is likely to pay lesser for their petrol and diesel bills. 

Opposite is also true.

“What is relation between p and sector p”

PE ratio stands for price-to-earnings ratio.

To get the PE ratio, you

-take the price of the share 
-divide it by the earnings (per share)

What this tells you is how high the price of a stock is when compared to the money it is earning.

PE ratio is used by many investors to determine if a stock is overvalued or undervalued.

But there is no 'right' level. It varies from investor to investor.

The PE ratio of companies in same industries are usually similar.

For example, companies from the infra sector will likely have similar PE ratios. Banking sector companies' PE will be similar. And so on.

This is where the concept of sector PE ratio comes in.

They calculate the PE ratio of an entire industry or sector (infra, pharma, banking, etc).

Based on that, they can look at individual stocks and decide if the PE ratio is too high or too low.

Example:

The sector PE ratio of IT stocks is 25.

So, when an investor sees an IT company stock’s PE ratio being 20, he/she might say that the stock is undervalued in comparison to the sector.

The sector PE ratio of energy stocks is 15.

So, when an investor sees an energy stock’s PE being 20, he/she might say that the stock is overvalued.

NISM

National Institute of Securities Markets.

This is an educational arm of the SEBI that conducts the NISM exams.

NISM certification is not one certification. There are many levels of NISM certifications.

NISM certification is useful in many fields.

It is most popular for becoming a registered investment advisor (RIA) — to give finance advice to people.

To become an RIA, a person would have to clear some levels of NISM certification.

It must be added here, NISM certifications can be taken by anybody, not necessarily those who want to become an advisor.

Bull Market

When stock prices are rising due to investor confidence and expectations of growth, it is called a bull market.

Opposite of this is a bear market.

In a bear market, investor confidence is down and Nifty 50 and Sensex generally fall.

Featured Question : Stock loss

 “Where does the money go when you make a loss in the stock market?”

Think of it from the perspective of buying a house.

You bought a house for Rs 50 lakh. If you sell it for Rs 40 lakh, where did the Rs 10 lakh go?

The value of the house reduced. That’s all.

Similarly, let’s say you bought share worth Rs 5,000. Today, its price is Rs 3,000.

That’s the price available in the market. The value of the shares has reduced.

The buyers who are in the market are not wiling to pay a higher price.

Mutual fund companies

The main business model of mutual fund companies revolves around fees.

They earn money by charging a small fee from investors. This fee is called expense ratio.

Investors need not pay it separately. It is a part of every mutual fund and is automatically deducted.

The mutual fund returns you see and get is after the deduction happens.

So whatever returns you are seeing are final — you are getting the returns you are seeing.

This is how mutual fund company’s interests are aligned with investors' interests — the higher the returns the investor gets, the higher their earnings.

SEBI

Word of the Day

SEBI, the Securities and Exchange Board of India, sets rules, catches rule-breakers, and takes actions like fines or bans to protect investors.

It was created in 1988 to keep an eye on the stock market and ensure fairness.

Its core functions include -

-maintaining transparency and fairness within the market,
-ensuring companies provide accurate and complete information to investors, -preventing fraudulent activities.

Money talk

The Moken tribe has a unique ability.

They live on the western coast of Thailand. The tribe is famous for being able to hunt underwater.

That itself does not make them unique. Many tribes around the world do that.

What makes them unique is this: Unlike other people around the world who use fishing rods and nets to hunt in the sea, the Moken people dive into the water.

Anyone who has been in a swimming pool will tell you, that unless you are wearing swimming goggles, everything appears blurry.

But the Moken people are unaffected by this problem. They can see clearly even underwater.

How?

They can voluntarily control the size of their pupils in their eyes. They narrow the pupils and increase the depth of field.

This is something we all do based on the quantity of light we’re seeing. But we’re unable to voluntarily control our pupil’s size.

The Moken people can voluntarily do so.







At first, many scientists thought that the Moken people had evolved this trait.

Later, it turned out that the Moken people weren’t genetically different.

Children who weren’t part of the Moken tribe were also able to develop this ability.

The catch is, that we can’t train ourselves to do this after a certain age.

The ability is an active part of their existence.

The Moken people are able to do it because the children of the tribe start hunting early on in their lives.

Sachin Tendulkar’s son, Arjun Tendulkar is a cricketer.

It almost seems like an easy career decision to make.

If your father is one of the best cricket players in the world, why wouldn’t you just learn from him? Why wouldn’t you try to get better at what your elders have worked so hard for?

Cricketer Ajit Agarkar was the son of cricketer Vijay Agarkar.

This behavior can be seen across different professions.

Ex-US president George W Bush was the son of another ex-US president.

Singer Lata Mangeshkar and her sister Asha Bhosle are both daughters of renowned classical singer Dinanath Mangeshkar.

These are still famous examples.

If you look around your neighborhood, you’ll find enough examples of children following the footsteps of their parents.

Doctors’ children becoming doctors. Engineer’s children becoming engineers. CAs’ children becoming CAs. Lawyers’ children becoming lawyers.

Yes, not always. There are enough examples of children pursuing a different profession altogether.

But the point remains, our early childhood experiences have a disproportionate impact on how we think about the world.

And even more importantly, how we think about ourselves fitting in that world.

This isn’t to say we follow what our parents do. Many times people do things very differently from what their parents did.

The point here is that whatever signals we pick up early in our lives, affect our outlook towards the rest of our lives.

The earlier something happens in our lives, the greater its impact. Not always, but often.

So when you think about Arjun Tendulkar, you can understand how easy a choice it was for him to be a cricketer. And how difficult it would be to just switch to becoming something like a singer or a painter.

They’ve been groomed to think in a certain way from very early in their lives.

Even more than that, think of the members of the Moken tribe. They started adapting themselves for a certain skill so early in life, that most people after a certain age will never be able to do what they can.

Our early life, of course, impacts our relationship with money.

An entire generation of Indians grew up in an era where India barely had any high-paying private-sector jobs.

For such people, a government job was seen as the only accessible way to earn a stable income. That generation envied people with government jobs.

Lack of opportunities to grow one’s income also led a lot of people to become aggressive savers – they would be very cautious about spending their money.

The current set of younger people don’t think like that. They have seen more economic opportunities in their lives. Not as much as people used to 30 years ago at least.

Many people who grow up in business families can’t imagine working at a job.

There is also a set of people who cannot imagine starting a business. They like to pursue the highest-paying salaried jobs.

While many of us are comfortable with paying money via UPI apps, there are still those who regularly use the internet but refuse to use UPI apps (for whatever reason they have fears about).

Some of us want no risk. Money should be safe.

And that may be okay.

To each his own.